Eating disorders are not just about food, weight, or willpower — they are complex mental health conditions rooted in a combination of biology, psychology, and environment. One key biological factor often overlooked in public conversations about eating disorders is dopamine: a neurotransmitter that plays a central role in reward, motivation, and learning.

In individuals with eating disorders, dopamine systems may function differently, affecting how people experience hunger, pleasure, anxiety, and even self-control. Understanding dopamine's role can offer insight into both the development of eating disorders and the challenges of recovery — including why it can be so difficult to change behaviors even when someone desperately wants to get better.

When we think of eating disorders, we often picture psychological symptoms: fear of weight gain, body image concerns, anxiety around food. But in children and adolescents, eating disorders have a unique and often silent consequence — interrupted growth.

Growth is a primary biological task during childhood and adolescence. It reflects not only nutritional health, but also endocrine function, bone development, and brain maturation. In the context of an eating disorder, malnutrition can disrupt this process, leading to long-term physical consequences if left unaddressed.

Many people think osteoporosis and bone loss only happen to older adults, but the truth is bone health is built during childhood, teen years, and early adulthood. If you’ve struggled with an eating disorder, overexercise, or nutrient deficiencies, your bones might already be at risk—even if you're young.

Exercise is essential for overall health, but excessive exercise can lead to serious physical, mental, and emotional health risks. Overexercise is particularly concerning in individuals with eating disorders, body image concerns, or compulsive exercise tendencies, as it can cause injury, burnout, and long-term health complications.

Puberty is a critical period for physical, emotional, and psychological development, but it can also be a high-risk time for the onset of eating disorders. The combination of hormonal changes, body image concerns, social pressures, and emotional shifts makes adolescents more vulnerable to developing disordered eating behaviors.

The thyroid gland plays a crucial role in metabolism, energy levels, and overall health. Eating disorders—especially those involving restriction, purging, or bingeing—can severely impact thyroid function, leading to hormonal imbalances, slowed metabolism, and long-term health complications.

For kids and teens with restrictive eating disorders (like anorexia nervosa, ARFID, or OSFED), restoring weight is often a life-saving step. Medical complications like bradycardia, hypotension, loss of menses, or growth delays can emerge quickly when the body doesn’t get enough energy to grow.